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上传文件
本指南将带您了解创建服务器应用程序的过程,该应用程序可以接收 HTTP 多部分文件上传。
您将构建的内容
您将创建一个 Spring Boot Web 应用程序来接受文件上传,并构建一个简单的 HTML 界面用于上传测试文件。
创建项目
starter 依赖
Spring Web
Thymeleaf
创建文件上传控制器
要在 Servlet 容器中上传文件,需要注册一个 MultipartConfigElement
类(在 web.xml
中对应 <multipart-config>
)。不过,多亏了 Spring Boot,一切都会自动配置!
作为 Spring MVC 自动配置的一部分,Spring Boot 将创建一个 MultipartConfigElement
Bean,并自动配置文件上传功能。
创建文件上传控制器FileUploadController
,如下所示(文件位置: src/main/java/com/example/uploadingfiles/FileUploadController.java
):
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageFileNotFoundException;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.core.io.Resource;
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.ServletUriComponentsBuilder;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
@RestController("/files")
public class FileUploadController {
private final StorageService storageService;
@Autowired
public FileUploadController(StorageService storageService) {
this.storageService = storageService;
}
@GetMapping("/")
public ResponseEntity listUploadedFiles(Model model) throws IOException {
final List<String> files = storageService.loadAll().map(
path -> ServletUriComponentsBuilder.fromCurrentContextPath()
.path("/uploads/")
.path(path.getFileName().toString())
.toUriString())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
return ResponseEntity.ok(files);
}
@GetMapping("/files/{filename:.+}")
public ResponseEntity<Resource> serveFile(@PathVariable String filename) {
Resource file = storageService.loadAsResource(filename);
if (file == null)
return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
return ResponseEntity.ok().header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION,
"attachment; filename=\"" + file.getFilename() + "\"").body(file);
}
@PostMapping("/")
public ResponseEntity handleFileUpload(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) throws URISyntaxException {
// 保存文件
storageService.store(file);
// 构建文件的访问 URL
String fileUrl = ServletUriComponentsBuilder.fromCurrentContextPath()
.path("/uploads/")
.path(file.getOriginalFilename())
.toUriString();
return ResponseEntity.created(new URI(fileUrl)).body("File uploaded successfully");
}
@ExceptionHandler(StorageFileNotFoundException.class)
public ResponseEntity<?> handleStorageFileNotFound(StorageFileNotFoundException exc) {
return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
}
}
FileUploadController
类使用 @Controller
注解,使 Spring MVC 能够检测到它并查找路由。每个方法都使用 @GetMapping
或 @PostMapping
进行标注,以将路径和 HTTP 操作绑定到特定的控制器方法。
在本例中:
GET /
:从StorageService
获取当前上传文件的列表,并将其加载到 Thymeleaf 模板中。它使用MvcUriComponentsBuilder
计算实际资源的链接。GET /files/{filename}
:加载资源(如果存在),并通过Content-Disposition
响应头将其发送到浏览器进行下载。POST /
:处理多部分文件上传请求,并将文件交给StorageService
进行保存。
TIP
在生产环境中,您更可能将文件存储在临时位置、数据库,或者 NoSQL 存储(如 MongoDB 的 GridFS)。最好不要 直接将文件存储在应用程序的文件系统中,以避免影响性能和可扩展性。
您需要提供一个 StorageService
,以便控制器可以与存储层(例如文件系统)进行交互。以下代码(位于 src/main/java/com/example/uploadingfiles/storage/StorageService.java
)展示了该接口:
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.storage;
import org.springframework.core.io.Resource;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public interface StorageService {
void init();
void store(MultipartFile file);
Stream<Path> loadAll();
Path load(String filename);
Resource loadAsResource(String filename);
void deleteAll();
}
您还需要四个类来支持存储服务:
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.storage;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
@ConfigurationProperties("storage")
public class StorageProperties {
/**
* Folder location for storing files
*/
private String location;
public String getLocation() {
return location;
}
public void setLocation(String location) {
this.location = location;
}
}
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.storage;
public class StorageException extends RuntimeException {
public StorageException(String message) {
super(message);
}
public StorageException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
}
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.storage;
public class StorageFileNotFoundException extends StorageException {
public StorageFileNotFoundException(String message) {
super(message);
}
public StorageFileNotFoundException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
}
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.storage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.core.io.Resource;
import org.springframework.core.io.UrlResource;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.util.FileSystemUtils;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
@Service
public class FileSystemStorageService implements StorageService {
private final Path rootLocation;
@Autowired
public FileSystemStorageService(StorageProperties properties) {
if(properties.getLocation().trim().length() == 0){
throw new StorageException("File upload location can not be Empty.");
}
this.rootLocation = Paths.get(properties.getLocation());
}
@Override
public void store(MultipartFile file) {
try {
if (file.isEmpty()) {
throw new StorageException("Failed to store empty file.");
}
Path destinationFile = this.rootLocation.resolve(
Paths.get(file.getOriginalFilename()))
.normalize().toAbsolutePath();
if (!destinationFile.getParent().equals(this.rootLocation.toAbsolutePath())) {
// This is a security check
throw new StorageException(
"Cannot store file outside current directory.");
}
try (InputStream inputStream = file.getInputStream()) {
Files.copy(inputStream, destinationFile,
StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
throw new StorageException("Failed to store file.", e);
}
}
@Override
public Stream<Path> loadAll() {
try {
return Files.walk(this.rootLocation, 1)
.filter(path -> !path.equals(this.rootLocation))
.map(this.rootLocation::relativize);
}
catch (IOException e) {
throw new StorageException("Failed to read stored files", e);
}
}
@Override
public Path load(String filename) {
return rootLocation.resolve(filename);
}
@Override
public Resource loadAsResource(String filename) {
try {
Path file = load(filename);
Resource resource = new UrlResource(file.toUri());
if (resource.exists() || resource.isReadable()) {
return resource;
}
else {
throw new StorageFileNotFoundException(
"Could not read file: " + filename);
}
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
throw new StorageFileNotFoundException("Could not read file: " + filename, e);
}
}
@Override
public void deleteAll() {
FileSystemUtils.deleteRecursively(rootLocation.toFile());
}
@Override
public void init() {
try {
Files.createDirectories(rootLocation);
}
catch (IOException e) {
throw new StorageException("Could not initialize storage", e);
}
}
}
配置静态资源映射
为了让上传的文件可以通过 URL 访问,需要配置静态资源映射。在 Spring Boot 中,可以通过实现 WebMvcConfigurer
来添加自定义的静态资源映射:
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles.config;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageProperties;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Autowired
private StorageProperties properties;
@Override
public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
// 将本地文件目录映射为 /uploads/**
registry.addResourceHandler("/uploads/**")
.addResourceLocations("file:" + properties.getLocation() + "/");
}
}
调整文件上传限制
在配置文件上传时,通常需要设置文件大小的限制。试想一下,如何处理一个 5GB 的文件上传!在 Spring Boot 中,我们可以通过一些属性设置来调整其自动配置的 MultipartConfigElement
。
将以下属性添加到现有的属性设置中(位于 src/main/resources/application.properties
):
properties
spring.servlet.multipart.max-file-size=128KB
spring.servlet.multipart.max-request-size=128KB
多部分设置的限制如下:
spring.servlet.multipart.max-file-size
设置为 128KB,这意味着单个文件的大小不能超过 128KB。spring.servlet.multipart.max-request-size
设置为 128KB,这意味着整个 multipart/form-data 请求的总大小不能超过 128KB。
更新应用程序
您希望指定一个目标文件夹用于上传文件,因此需要增强 Spring Initializr 创建的基础 UploadingFilesApplication
类,并添加一个 Boot CommandLineRunner
,在启动时删除并重新创建该文件夹。以下代码示例(来自 src/main/java/com/example/uploadingfiles/UploadingFilesApplication.java
)展示了如何实现:
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageProperties;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageService;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableConfigurationProperties(StorageProperties.class)
public class UploadingFilesApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(UploadingFilesApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
CommandLineRunner init(StorageService storageService) {
return (args) -> {
storageService.deleteAll();
storageService.init();
};
}
}
运行应用程序
@SpringBootApplication
是一个便利注解,它包含了以下所有功能:
@Configuration
:将类标记为应用程序上下文的 Bean 定义源。@EnableAutoConfiguration
:告诉 Spring Boot 根据类路径设置、其他 Bean 和各种属性设置开始添加 Bean。例如,如果类路径中包含spring-webmvc
,此注解会将应用程序标记为 Web 应用程序,并激活关键行为,如设置DispatcherServlet
。@ComponentScan
:告诉 Spring 在com/example
包中查找其他组件、配置和服务,从而找到控制器。
main()
方法使用 Spring Boot 的 SpringApplication.run()
方法启动应用程序。您是否注意到没有一行 XML 代码?也没有 web.xml
文件。这个 Web 应用程序是 100% 纯 Java,您无需处理任何配置或基础设施。
测试您的应用程序
在我们的应用程序中,有多种方式可以测试这个特性。以下代码示例(来自 src/test/java/com/example/uploadingfiles/FileUploadTests.java
)展示了一种使用 MockMvc
的方法,这样就不需要启动 Servlet 容器:
java
package com.example.uploadingfiles;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockMultipartFile;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.given;
import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.then;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.multipart;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.header;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.model;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageFileNotFoundException;
import com.example.uploadingfiles.storage.StorageService;
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@SpringBootTest
public class FileUploadTests {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@MockBean
private StorageService storageService;
@Test
public void shouldListAllFiles() throws Exception {
given(this.storageService.loadAll())
.willReturn(Stream.of(Paths.get("first.txt"), Paths.get("second.txt")));
this.mvc.perform(get("/")).andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(model().attribute("files",
Matchers.contains("http://localhost/files/first.txt",
"http://localhost/files/second.txt")));
}
@Test
public void shouldSaveUploadedFile() throws Exception {
MockMultipartFile multipartFile = new MockMultipartFile("file", "test.txt",
"text/plain", "Spring Framework".getBytes());
this.mvc.perform(multipart("/").file(multipartFile))
.andExpect(status().isFound())
.andExpect(header().string("Location", "/"));
then(this.storageService).should().store(multipartFile);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Test
public void should404WhenMissingFile() throws Exception {
given(this.storageService.loadAsResource("test.txt"))
.willThrow(StorageFileNotFoundException.class);
this.mvc.perform(get("/files/test.txt")).andExpect(status().isNotFound());
}
}
在这些测试中,您使用各种 mock 来设置与控制器和 StorageService
的交互,同时还使用 MockMultipartFile
来模拟与 Servlet 容器本身的交互。
有关集成测试的示例,请参见 FileUploadIntegrationTests
类(位于 src/test/java/com/example/uploadingfiles
)。